hacked by p@3t_b@y for turks

July 28, 2006

Lyme borreliosis reinfection: might it be explained by a gender difference in immune response?

Filed under: Science — @ 12:07 pm

Immunology. 2006 Jun;118(2):224-32.

Jarefors S, Bennet L, You E, Forsberg P, Ekerfelt C, Berglund J, Ernerudh J.

Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Linkoping, Linkoping, Sweden. sarja@imk.liu.se

Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease often manifesting as a circular skin lesion. This cutaneous form of the disease is known as erythema migrans. In a 5-year follow-up study in southern Sweden, 31 of 708 individuals initially diagnosed with erythema migrans and treated with antibiotics were found to be reinfected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Although men and women were tick-bitten to the same extent, 27 of the 31 reinfected individuals were women, all of whom were over 44 years of age. The aim of this study was to determine whether this discrepancy in gender distribution could be a result of differences in immunological response. Twenty single-infected and 21 reinfected women and 18 single-infected and three reinfected men were included in the study. None of the participants showed any sign of an ongoing B. burgdorferi infection, and thus the habitual response was captured. Lymphocytes were separated from blood and stimulated with antigens. The secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell assay (ELISPOT) or Immulite. No difference was detected in cytokine secretion between single-infected and reinfected individuals. We also compared the immunological response in men and women, regardless of the number of B. burgdorferi infections. Women displayed a significantly higher spontaneous secretion of all cytokines measured. The ratios of IL-4:IFN-gamma and IL-10:TNF-alpha were significantly higher in women. Gender differences in immune reactivity might in part explain the higher incidence of reinfection in women. The higher IL-4:IFN-gamma and IL-10:TNF-alpha ratios seen in women indicate that postmenopausal women have T helper type 2 (Th2)-directed reactivity with impaired inflammatory responses which might inhibit the elimination of spirochetes.

PMID: 16771857 [PubMed - in process]

http://tinyurl.com/2k24eb

Lyme disease - a relative new entity

Filed under: Diagnosis — @ 12:01 am

1: Oftalmologia. 2006;50(1):16-20. Tsirmpas MD, Tsirmpas D.

Clinica de Oftalmologie, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenta, Militar Central, Bucuresti.

PURPOSE: To bring in the attention of the medical personel a relativily new discovered disease with serious consequences, that is often mistaken with a grate multitude of miscellaneous sindromes. Also we want to hightline that it is not a rare disease taken into account its endemicity in Europe and consequently in Romania.

SUMMARY: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by a spirochete named “Borrelia Burgdorferi” transmited to humans by a minuscle tick. It is a multisistemic illness with occular involvement as well. The disease mimics other pathologic conditions and because of this goes frequently undiagnosed and consequently untreated. Its occular involvement may vary from a mild conjuctivitis to uveitis, optic neuritis and sometimes lead to blindness. The disease is endemic in Romania. If it is correctly diagnosed it can be succesfully treated with specific antibiotics administrated p.o or i.v.

PMID: 16773934 [PubMed - in process]
http://tinyurl.com/33osqy

July 27, 2006

Antibody responses to B. burgdorferi after antibiotic therapy for EM.

Filed under: Treatment — @ 11:43 pm

Arch Dermatol. 2006 Jul;142(7):862-8

Clinical relevance of different IgG and IgM serum antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi after antibiotic therapy for erythema migrans: long-term follow-up study of 113 patients.

Glatz M, Golestani M, Kerl H, Mullegger RR.

Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the kinetics of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies for a minimum of 1 year after antibiotic therapy in patients with erythema migrans (EM) and to correlate antibody titer kinetics with clinical variables. DESIGN: Retrospective study of serial anti-B burgdorferi antibodies in correlation to clinical variables. SETTING: University-based hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred thirteen patients with EM. INTERVENTIONS: Pretreatment and a median of 4 consecutive posttreatment serum samples from median follow-up of more than 400 days were simultaneously investigated for anti-B burgdorferi IgG and IgM antibodies. Semiquantitative titers were plotted to identify different groups of antibody kinetics. Individual patients were then stratified to those groups according to their antibody development. A statistical comparison of clinical and therapy-related characteristics among the serologic groups was performed. RESULTS: Anti-B burgdorferi IgG and IgM antibody titers developed in 3 distinct courses: persistent positivity across follow-up (IgG: 12 patients, 11%; IgM: 14, 12%), persistent negativity (IgG: 63, 56%; IgM: 47, 42%), and decrease of a positive pretreatment titer to a negative titer approximately 5 months after therapy (IgG: 34, 30%; IgM: 49, 43%). Statistics revealed significant correlations only between persistent positive IgG titers and long disease duration or large EM lesions before therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Long duration or large size of EM before therapy correlates with persistence of a positive anti- B burgdorferi IgG antibody titer after therapy. Serologic profiles do not depend on the type or duration of therapy or the clinical course thereafter. Thus, antibody testing in the follow-up of patients with EM is inappropriate for the assessment of therapeutic response.

PMID: 16847202 [PubMed - in process]

http://tinyurl.com/3dudtt

My Story - Submitted by Celia

Filed under: Your Stories — @ 8:49 pm

Hi,

I’m 57 years old and have been ill for most of my life. I seemed to catch everything that was going when I was very young and quite a few things that no-one else seemed to have! My glands were permanently swollen and my throat permanently sore!

Despite that I was a very active child and as the years went on I got heavily involved in athletics, being a very fast short distance runner. In fact I ran for my County through my local athletics club.

However in my teenage years things really started to go wrong. My periods were always very slight and irregular. I was stick thin, and you could count my ribs, despite my having a healthy appetite. I began to pass out anywhere and everywhere. My blood pressure was always low, and I was permanently tired! I suffered years of pelvic pain, and as I was working at the time, and as NHS tests revealed nothing, I paid privately to go and have tests. The private doctors could find nothing unusual on tests, any more than my GP could. When I was about 17 I had to give up my job as a secretary in an engineering company, and my involvement in athletics, because I was just so exhausted and in pain with my stomach all the time. I remember I spent two years sleeping on the couch all day at home, and even my parents thought I was being lazy!!!

I recovered to some extent though, and was able to continue a fairly normal life, although the pains in my stomach and the exhaustion took their toll. I took the ‘passing out’ episodes in my stride and knew when they were coming on. I had one such episode in the hairdressers and I would simply find a quiet spot to lie down until it passed. It happened on a hospital visit to see a friend too, which everyone else found amusing.

I married when I was 25 and had my first child at 27. The pregnancy was horrendous and the labour even worse, and even though I had always had a hankering for four children I said ‘Never again!’, and my son remained my only child.

After the birth of my son things got even worse. I was plunged into an early menopause! My periods became even more erratic. I would have none for six months and then I bled every two weeks for months on end. This went on for over a year during which time I went to my GP. As per usual they could find nothing wrong with me. I began sweating, firstly at night. I would wake in the night sweating as though someone had thrown a bucket of water over me. At first there was just the odd one or two on odd nights, and then they were every night, many times a night. I suffered with sleep deprivation as a result. Later I had them all day too. My periods then stopped completely.

I became agoraphobic and claustrophobic; my anxiety levels were off the scale. I continued to pass out everywhere. I developed thrush and as soon as one lot of medication cleared it up I got it again. I couldn’t stand noise or light and I was light-headed all the time with palpitations so bad I thought I was going to die! I would regularly go down with mystery viruses (at one time they actually thought I had meningitis) and yet still my GP could find no reason. I was still exhausted and regularly had to sleep, anywhere and everywhere, to top up my energy in order to drag myself through each day. It was suggested to me that it was all in my head, and my husband believed them. Hell I began to believe them too!!! I was sent to a Psychiatrist for two years and was prescribed anti-depressants but it didn’t help. The worst of all was that I seemed to be living in my own world of illness and pain and no-one would believe me. My doctors classed me as a hypochondriac! That phrase was actually put in my NHS notes, I found out, and has been a great stumbling block for me ever since.

I went through ten years of sheer hell after the birth of my son, and without the help of my father (my mother died when I was 3 months pregnant) I don’t know what I would have done. He took care of my son whenever I was unable to. My husband who was finding it increasingly difficult to cope with my ‘illness’ took a job abroad and we only saw him about once every three months for a month, and he was hardly ever at home then. He asked my father to move in with me which he did, bless him.

Gradually I climbed out of the worst of the symptoms and to all outward appearances was able to lead a fairly normal life again, but inside I always felt unwell and tired. Despite that I threw myself heavily into DIY, which I loved. I was always hanging paper and painting, I built a patio for myself and a couple of friends, and I LOVED gardening. We had a house with an acre of garden and it was my heaven.

When my son was 11 years old my husband finally left me, and over the next four years I went through a harrowing divorce, including my being forced to sell the house and garden that I had come to love. I was 38 years old.

Not long after this I was pole-axed with the next round of symptoms. I spent 10 months sitting in a chair all day because I felt so ill and I hadn’t the energy to do anything else. I was in constant excrutiating pain in all my muscles and joints, I had so much pain in my hands that I could barely use a knife and fork to eat and I couldn’t open a bottle to save my life. I had always been a physically very strong person but now I felt weak, shaky and very vulnerable. I felt like an old lady, no I’ll re-phrase that, I’ve seen very old ladies who coped much better than me! I still had the awful light-headed feeling, and I was dizzy all the time, and sleeping most of my life away. I had always had 20/20 vision, but my eyes began to trouble me with pain and blurring, and finally horrendous double vision. I had awful pain on one side of my head too. My GP did tests at various times but nothing abnormal was ever found. I noticed that one of my eyes was swelling in its socket, but my GP refused to believe me and gave me a tube of golden eye ointment! At one point she actually told me I was imagining it!!! I wasn’t being listened to again.

After a number of months a worried friend took me to the A & E department of the local Eye Hospital and within an hour I was diagnosed with thyroid problems and was told that I had thyroid eye damage, all again despite relatively normal test results. My thyroid results were only ever ‘borderline’. So was this why I had been so ill all this time? First I was Hyperthyroid and then Hypothyroid and I had Grave’s disease and then Hashimoto’s disease (which means that my body’s defence system has turned in on itself and was trying to destroy my thyroid). Having always had perfect vision I was now forced to wear glasses, with prisms in, to correct the double vision, only they never quite did. I had to give up many other pastimes I had enjoyed. I loved embroidery, painting landscapes, playing the piano. None of these I could do anymore because of the problem with my eyes. On the bright side though I was told that I would feel much better once I was on Thyroxine. I didn’t! The eye problems did stabilize eventually, although it took a number of years for them to do so, and my eyes are permanently damaged.

I still felt dreadfully ill all the time, and eventually I was put on HRT, and told that it would sort me out and I would feel like a new woman. It didn’t and I didn’t! However it did stop the exhausting sweats for which I am eternally grateful. I have tried several times since to come off HRT because I am aware of the dangers, but the sweats return with such a vengeance that I cannot cope with the effect they have on my life in addition to everything else.

On a routine visit to the optician I was then found to have a substantial number of ‘floater’ and the beginnings of cataracts in both eyes. My glasses rapidly got thicker and thicker until eventually they looked the thickness of the bottom of a milk bottle, and within a year I was bIind! I could see light and dark and that’s all!!! Now I couldn’t read, I couldn’t watch television and I couldn’t drive my car. In fact I couldn’t even walk in my garden. Eventually I had one cataract removed but it took me four years to get over the operation and I have never been well enough since to have the other one removed, and a necessary squint operation to re-align my eyes caused by the thyroid eye damage, so I remain blind in one eye, with blurring, burning, watering in both. I can read again though, and I can drive my car, and I have been able to do most of the visual things I couldn’t do before the start of all these problems with my eyes.

In addition to the physical symptoms, which persisted, it was becoming apparent that my memory was being increasingly affected too and there were weeks/months when I couldn’t think straight at all. I forgot everything! I would stop half-way through a sentence unable to think of the word I was looking for, and if someone supplied it for me I forgot what it was I was trying to say in the first place. I failed to recognise people who obviously knew me well, and couldn’t believe I didn’t know who they were. If I parked my car I would always forget where I had left it. I even went through a period of time when I could see people were speaking but couldn’t understand what they were saying. It was as though they were speaking in a foreign language. Very scarey!!! I couldn’t use the telephone because my brain was so jumbled I didn’t know what to say. I have also had days when I couldn’t even have told you my name! I began to gain weight and for the first time in my life I was 2 stones overweight. Eventually I barely made it outside my own front door and had no social life either. In fact I was finding it impossible to function at all and my days were spent either in bed or sitting in a chair not being able to do anything. I barely had the energy to lift my hand out of my lap to scratch my nose.

I changed doctors five times within two years trying to find a GP who would believe me when I told them how ill I felt and how badly my life was affected by all of this. One actually asked me “Are you sure you’re not expecting too much from your life at your age?” I was 54 and felt as if I was 104. When I was younger I was told by my NHS GP that it was all in my mind, yet when I was older the same symptoms were repeatedly blamed on the menopause or my thyroid, but nothing they prescribed me worked.

Two years ago my son built me a computer and I found a thyroid forum and a menopause forum, and whilst I did have many of the symptoms of fellow sufferers, there were many other symptoms I had that they didn’t.

The symptoms I had been suffering seemed to find a level where they remained, but to all intents and purposes I was coping, just! That’s the worst thing about this illness. To everyone else you look OK, but believe me it was still all going on inside. I call this the “invisible illness” because no-one else realises what we are going through.

I decided to go on a four-day trip to Paris in 2002. I slept most of the days away but it was nice to feel that at least I was doing something that for me was totally out of the ordinary. I returned with a terrible flare up in symptoms. I was so dizzy I could hardly stand, and lying in bed or standing I felt as if I was in a boat on a rough sea. I woke one morning and opened my eyes to find the room slowly spinning around me. My legs were so heavy that if I did walk I felt as if I had heavy lead diver’s boots on and I was wading through treacle and someone kept moving the floor. I kept falling over, I was in constant pain from all my muscles and joints, the palpitations were worse than ever and someone seemed to have shoved a ton of cotton-wool in my brain again. My blood pressure, which had always been low, was now high, as were my cholesterol levels, and life was sheer hell again.

I was completely housebound now, and the only thing I could do was to spend short periods of time on my computer trying to find out more about my symptoms. I spoke to several people who suggested that there seemed to be more wrong with me than just my thyroid disease or the menopause. Lyme disease was mentioned, and it was also suggested to me that I go to see a private doctor in the UK who recognised the involvement of bacteria in this kind of illness. It would cost a fair bit of money, which I didn’t have since I haven’t been able to work for years, but I was desperate to find out what was wrong with me, and in May 2003, after I had been given the money by a relative, I booked an appointment.

My consultation was a revelation! Here was a doctor who seemed to WANT to listen to me. He didn’t poo-poo my symptoms as hysteria as did all the other doctor’s I had seen. He examined me thoroughly and looked at my list of symptoms which I had prepared for him. He said that although I fulfilled the criteria for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/M.E. it was thought that the illness was caused by a spirochaete , a stealth bacteria, called Borrelia. Over the months that followed I had several blood tests and it was confirmed that I do have Borreliosis and of the list of diverse symptoms associated with this illness I could tick very many of the boxes. It suddenly all made sense although heaven only knows how I got it! I have also tested positive for the co-infections Micrococcus luteus and Chlamydia Pneumonia (the heart attack/stroke bug!), nothing to do with the sexually transmitted Chlamydia!

For many years it was thought that the only way to contract this disease was by the bite of a tick that had previously fed on an infected animal. I never had the typical bull’s eye rash which is a clear give away of a Lyme infection by bite, nor do I ever remember having been bitten. Over 50% of people are similarly unaware of a bite, and it is now known that tick/insect bite is not the only means of transmission of this disease.

I learned that it is possible that one of the ways that this illness is transmitted is from mother to child through birth. My son, who is 30 years old, has subsequently had his blood tested and it shows he has it too, although at the moment he shows no symptoms. I was devastated to think that I have given it to my son! This of course raises the question; were my own mother or father carriers? Looking back at my family medical history there are certainly many signs there.

I might add at this point that in 2004 I was seen by an NHS Rheumatologist who diagnosed me with Fibromyalgia, a “dustbin” diagnosis of an illness for which there is no conclusive test, no treatment.

I am currently being treated by my private LLMD with long term antibiotics. The road is very long, and can be very rough at times, no doubt due to the fact that I have seemingly had this illness for so many years, but I have seen some worthwhile improvements. I have no idea how much better I can be or how much permanent damage there is, but at least now I feel that I do have some hope.

One bite too many.

Filed under: Your Stories — @ 10:26 am

In August 2003 I was filming a natural history documentary around the area of Loch Tay. I had been bitten before by ticks and on this trip had to remove quite a few of them. During my third week of filming I began to feel very ill. My neck became stiff, the light hurt my eyes, and I was so weak and tired I could barely stand up.

I was admitted to hospital with suspected meningitis and put straight on IV antibiotics. The bloods that had been taken were sent off for tests. I was pretty much out of it for several days but I remember the consultant telling me that I had Lyme disease. I didn’t know what this was at the time, but I was told that I had been infected by a tick. Having removed many of the critters, it made sense.

Ten days later I was discharged from hospital feeling much improved. Even though I felt so much better, I was really tired still. I found it hard to get going in the mornings and by mid-afternoon I was shattered. On returning home I saw my GP who recommended I rest to recuperate properly.

I had suffered unexplained heart abnormalities, such as palpitations and tachycardia, for several years in my early twenties, but they had resolved in time. At the time, I was working in a zoo and found it difficult to cope with the physical work. Because of my past history, I asked my GP to check my heart again, and he found that my heartbeat was irregular. I was referred to a cardiologist and diagnosed with an Arrhythmia. I have been on medication for this ever since.

I now wonder if I had already been infected from a previous bite, and the second infection tipped my immune system over the edge. My heart problems could not be explained at the time, and tick-bites were a regular occurrence. Of course I will never know.

I continued to suffer from muscular pain, fatigue, joint pain and stiffness, headache and memory difficulties. I was told by a consultant that I had Post Lyme Syndrome. Trying to do my job and travel about was almost impossible. Finally, after researching the differing opinions on the effects, progression and treatment of Lyme disease, I came to my own conclusions.

I sought private treatment and after a combination of several types of antibiotics I began to feel an improvement. I also started using some alternative therapies. I have used various herbal treatments, had massage, needle acupuncture, cupping acupuncture and I juice wheatgrass, fresh fruit, and veg every day. I am now working full-time and enjoying my leisure activities. I have to pace myself and listen to my body but, finger’s crossed, I’m doing OK.

AndyCap

Nigel’s story - In memory of the unknown tick bite

Filed under: Your Stories — @ 9:45 am

Within 15 minutes arriving at the specialist’s Chronic Fatigue clinic in December 2004, I was given the answer I had been seeking for eight long years; chronic borreliosis, possibly from unknowingly being bitten by a tick many years ago while walking in Derbyshire.
Although it has been 9 years since I suffered from my first serious episode of fatigue, I can now trace back my condition much further. At the time I put down my tiredness to the stress of a demanding job and of having a disabled daughter. But in retrospect I see this was the first sign of a gradual deterioration. In 1993 I decided to take redundancy from full-time work. This was in the hope that a more balanced life-style would give a much needed boost to my energy levels. In the previous 3 years I had spent far too much time resting in bed in order to restore my stamina. All too frequent nocturnal toilet visits were adding inadequate good quality sleep to my problems.

For the first three or four years of part-time working I thought I had the balance right, as I was functioning better. However with increasing regularity I was suffering from excruciating headaches and from stomach cramp. Brain scans and blood tests revealed no causes. Then in early 1997 I suddenly lost all energy after a lunch break in my part-time work. I was forced to lie down across very uncomfortable chairs in the staff room, until I had enough strength to carry on working. For several months I battled on at work, but headaches and lack of stamina continued to get the better of me. Later in 1997 I stopped working altogether.

To make matters worse I was getting no support from my unsympathetic GP who told me; “You’re still a young man, go out and get some exercise.” He had no concept of how I was struggling to function. His unhelpful report caused me to lose my Incapacity Benefit, despite an appeal. This was one of the lowest chapters in my life, a devastating experience. I changed to a GP who actually believes in me. With his help I was able to successfully re-apply for Incapacity Benefit. However, although I have had his support and encouragement for 8 years, he has more recently started to resist prescribing further antibiotic and other treatment recommended by the private specialist. Initially I was prescribed a long course of antibiotics which didn’t suit, and a different drug didn’t appear to be working. For the time being I have ceased pursuing antibiotic treatment partly as the private prescription costs are prohibitive.
However I am hoping that more research into treatment will open the way for me to reconsider in the years ahead. I’m not holding my breath though!

Last year I had a private test which showed I suffer from hypothyrodism.
However, as my GP will not recognise this result (thinking wrongly that the NHS tests are adequate), I have had to pay privately for thyroid supplements. I do think these have contributed to a marginal improvement in my back pain, allowing me to reduce pain-killers.

As my energy levels have decreased over the years, it has felt as though I was trying to walk up a ‘down’ escalator; and falling further and further behind. I was spending increasing amounts of time just resting in an armchair, at first fighting headaches and fatigue and then chronic pain in my neck and shoulders. Increasingly I turned to strong painkillers which only take the edge off persistent pain but did not eliminate it. Anti-depressants help to reduce the body tension which I constantly experience. I also suffer from persistent tinnitus and a poor sleep pattern; other common symptoms of CFS patients.

Over the years I have made many hospital visits for blood and urine tests, x-rays of my back, bone scans, acupuncture, trigger point injections, physiotherapy, and pain management classes. Additionally, I also briefly experimented with private chiropractor treatment of my back. Only the pain management programme was of any value; no tests came up with any answers and manipulative therapies just seemed to make matters worse. During one of my earlier hospital visits I was told that I had ‘wound down’ from my previously busy existence, implying that this was the cause of my lethargy. I firmly told the consultant that all I was doing was responding to the limits which my body was placing on me! In 1998 I was diagnosed with CFS.

The last few years have very much been up and down. Periods of feeling somewhat better, then sometimes spending days recovering from overdoing it, at other times relapsing for no obvious reason. I have been forced to learn to pace myself very strictly, resting when my body tells me - and taking a mandatory daily nap after lunch. It is so difficult for others to understand how a man in his 50’s can look perfectly fit and well and yet have less energy than his 84 year old mother!

I am very fortunate that I do not suffer as badly as many others. Although far from ideal, through strict pacing I have found a level at which I can function from day to day. My wife bravely takes the strain when I am down and out, and she does all the distance driving which is beyond my capabilities. I’d like to think that one day I may again be able to enjoy a day’s walking or cycling in The Peak District.

Lyme Disease is very misunderstood and under-diagnosed and many in the medical profession still prefer to believe it is not a major problem in the UK. I hope that BADA will contribute towards a major change to this appalling state of affairs.

July 25, 2006

Please help us to raise awareness of ticks and tick-borne disease

Filed under: Bulletin Board — @ 1:27 pm

For just £1.75 you can help in a big way

We have car stickers and keyloops available for you to help us raise the profile of this very important issue.

You can purchase these items on the ‘Donations’ page of our website: http://www.bada-uk.org/donations.html

July 20, 2006

Migratory passerine birds as reservoirs of Lyme borreliosis in Europe.

Filed under: Environmental/Land Management, Wildlife — @ 3:37 pm

Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jul;12(7):1087-95. Links

Comstedt P, Bergstrom S, Olsen B, Garpmo U, Marjavaara L, Mejlon H,
Barbour AG, Bunikis J.

Department of Microbiology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.

To define the role of birds as reservoirs and disseminators of Borrelia spirochetes, we characterized tick infestation and reservoir competence of migratory passerine birds in Sweden. A total of 1,120 immature Ixodes ricinus ticks were removed from 13,260 birds and assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Borrelia, followed by DNA sequencing for species and genotype identification. Distributions of ticks on birds were aggregated, presumably because of varying encounters with ticks along migratory routes. Lyme borreliosis spirochetes were detected in 160 (1.4%) ticks. Borrelia garinii was the most common species in PCR-positive samples and included genotypes associated with human infections. Infestation prevalence with infected ticks was 5 times greater among ground-foraging birds than other bird species, but the 2 groups were equally competent in transmitting Borrelia. Migratory passerine birds host epidemiologically important vector ticks and Borrelia species and vary in effectiveness as reservoirs on the basis of their feeding behavior.

PMID: 16836825 [PubMed - in process]

http://tinyurl.com/398lpb

Potential risk of pathogen transmission by acaricide-poisoned ticks.

Filed under: Environmental/Land Management — @ 3:08 pm

Int J Med Microbiol. 2006 May;296 Suppl 40:217-24.

Uspensky I, Ioffe-Uspensky I.

Department of Biological Chemistry, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. igorusp@vms.huji.ac.il

Many aspects of tick poisoning with acaricides have yet to be elucidated. One of them is the influence of acaricide poisoning on tick infectivity to their hosts. To clarify this problem, we should know how tick poisoning develops after acaricide application. Data obtained during more than three decades of work with ticks of various species and with acaricides of different groups are presented in the paper. The first important phenomenon found was the gradual and progressive development of toxic symptoms after acaricide application, with death of the treated ticks delayed for days or even weeks (’slow-death syndrome’). The development of symptoms was much faster after the application of fenthion, an organophosphorous acaricide, when compared to DDT, a chlorinated hydrocarbon. The larger the adult ticks of a particular species, the more refractory they were to acaricide action. The duration of the development of toxic symptoms directly correlates with the degree of species-specific refractoriness. A special index T(LD(50)) (T(LC(50)) was introduced for comparing the duration of the poisoning development between different tick species, populations etc. The index determines the time when the final mortality is reached after using the LD(50) of a particular acaricide. Another index , T(LD(90)), was used for practical purposes. The values of these indices decreased with increasing age of tick populations. The prolonged duration of poisoning was also observed in nymphal ticks of species with a prolonged life-span and the ability to over-winter (Ixodes, Haemaphysalis) but not in ticks characterized by a short life-span (Dermacentor). During the entire period of poisoning, from acaricide application until tick death, the individual tick passes through six stages defined by its locomotor capabilities. The stages are the same for nymphs and adults of both hard and soft ticks after treatment with various acaricides. When ticks are at the initial stages of poisoning (1st to 3rd stage for DDT or 1st to 2nd for fenthion), they can attach to hosts and imbibe blood. The average body weight of such ticks after repletion corresponded to that of control ticks. Engorged nymphal ticks normally molted to adults, engorged females normally oviposited, and their progeny did not differ from the progeny of control females. This second important phenomenon, called ‘overcoming the poisoning’, was observed in all studied species of ticks from several genera. Thus, the slow development of tick poisoning creates a potential for ticks to attach to hosts and to gorge blood, and for infected ticks to transmit pathogens to those hosts, while the ability to overcome the poisoning allows the ticks to survive and makes possible the subsequent trans-stadial and transovarial passage of pathogens. These data can be considered as strong circumstantial evidence of the risk that ticks can present to humans and animals at the initial stages of poisoning after acaricide treatment.

PMID: 16597511 [PubMed - in process]

http://tinyurl.com/3ct3zc

Disseminated Bartonella infection following liver transplantation

Filed under: Transfusion — @ 3:01 pm

Transpl Int. 2006 Aug;19(8):683-7.

Bonatti H, Mendez J, Guerrero I, Krishna M, Ananda-Michel J, Yao J, Steers JL, Hellinger W, Dickson RC, Alvarez S.

Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Bartonella henselae has not only been identified as the causative agent of cat scratch disease, but it is also associated with other significant infectious syndromes in the immunocompromized population. We describe two cases of B. henselae associated diseases in liver transplant recipients who both had contact with cats. The first recipient developed localized skin manifestation of bacillary angiomatosis in association with granulomatous hepatitis. He tested positive for Immunoglubulin G (IgG) antibodies against B. henselae. The second patient developed axillary lymphadenopathy, with biopsy showing necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and polymerase chain reaction studies were positive for B. henselae DNA. Her serology for bartonellosis showed a fourfold rise in antibody titers during her hospitalization. Both patients responded to treatment with Azithromycin in combination with Doxycycline. These were the only cases within a series of 467 consecutive liver transplants performed in 402 patients performed during a 4-year period. Although bartonellosis is a rare infection in liver transplantation recipients, it should always be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever, central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, and hepatitis especially if prior contact with cats is reported.
PMID: 16827686 [PubMed - in process]

http://tinyurl.com/2kkc7o

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